Cities :: Sociology, Rising Urban Stars

The vast majority live in urban communities, while other live in rustic zones. A city life is normally all the more thrilling on the grounds that it got shopping centers, eateries, schools, transportation, medical clinics, and substantially more. Be that as it may, what is a city? A city is a huge region were gathering of individuals with comparative attributes live and practice their standard every day exercises. As indicated by Caves (2005), a city can't be characterized by one definition since it incorporates numerous things that give numerous definitions. Every city has an alternate method of creating and developing, it finds a way to turn out to be increasingly practical, and has the verification, for example, Dubai, that shows it is a triumphant city. Numerous ways are accessible for the city to develop. Foroohar (2006) expressed that a city could develop when country’s government look for approaches to decentralize the work. As a delineation, Rising Urban Stars urban communities, for example, Las Vegas, Dubai, and Cape Town are offering bounty of prospering vocations in administration organizations like banking and amusement that help the city to develop (Foroohar, 2006). Another route for the city to grow is building up the innovation. As indicated by Foroohar, â€Å"areas with cutting edge or information based enterprises like account - witness the renaissance of New York and London, and the blast of development in Shanghai or Hong Kong.† (2006, para.5). Urban areas with high innovation sprout quickly where the investors become wealthier, compensations gotten higher, and the expense of land took off (Foroohar, 2006). A third conceivable route for a city to create is through extending the city’s economy. For oohar (2006) affirmed that sprouting economies help the city to develop quick. For example, 55 urban communities in China, 12 urban areas in Indonesia, and 10 urban areas in India are of the main 150 quickly growing urban communities, they extend with the guide of the extending economy in the city (Foroohar, 2006). In addition, Arnold (2010) detailed that exchanging and making business with outsiders is essential for the city’s economy that advances the city’s development. Arnold proceeds by saying that’ â€Å"Legislative issues should be tended to on the grounds that they cut down financing expenses and increment the absorptive limit of the economy.’† (Shaher as refered to in Arnold, 2010). Besides, urban areas can create and amplify through amazing transportation. Foroohar (2006) accepts that remarkable transportation requests individuals and organizations to the city and that causes the city to develop. Fundamentally, urban communities follow va rious courses to extend and grow; in any case, they all arrive at a similar point.

Coca- Cola Company

Question: Compose an exposition onCoca-Cola Company . Answer: Coca-Cola Company established its framework in 1886 and now is the main maker and merchant of the world. It is presently at present working in excess of 200 nations having brands of more than 230 in number. Around 80% of the companys benefit is from the United States. The Chairman of Coca Cola Company uncovered that the primary quality of the organization is being worldwide and it has accomplished so by acting locally (Coca-cola.co.uk 2016). The organization adequacy and benefit level is because of their solid piece of the overall industry and serious position on the planet. At first the organization was simply topographically situated in US however with time, it before long spread to different nations by embracing the market improvement system. What's more, Coca Cola has isolated its topographical units where every unit has a hierarchical and operational area (Coca-cola.co.uk 2016). They have concentrated on the key components of the business sectors, announcing lines and the adapta bility with the goal that the business gets adjusted to such geological highlights. Organization Name % esteem Coca Cola 47 Cadbury Schweppes 8 Pepsi Cola 21 AmBev 1 Cott 2 Others 21 Absolute 100 Table 1: Global piece of the overall industry Source: (Smith 2016) The Coca Cola Company has its central command in the midtown of Atlanta, Georgia. A nation of origin is significant for any association since it helps in working up that association. The standard of the home countrys culture has been separated into mental and institutional level. The mental level characterizes people disposition, conduct for the association and how they respond to it while the institutional level characterizes those individuals who are bunch into the business association where they will undoubtedly work as needs be (Verbeke 2013). A nation of origin can manage business association very well in light of the fact that the individuals who are local to their old neighborhood have same qualities of culture. They have the equivalent mental comprehension towards the work. Likewise they have a similar strict convictions, personal conduct standards and subcultures which add favorable position to the developing industry culture (Cavusgil et al. 2014). According to the Hofstedes hypothesis, he characterized the four measurements, which has escalated the Coca Cola Company. These are Force separation: In this, the association power has been acknowledged by the way of life of the individuals yet it is circulated inconsistent. The appropriation is inconsistent which implies that less force separation is identified with the investment of the worker, which is less and high force separation implies that the chain of importance of the association is expanding steeple with the initiative (Leonidou et al. 2015). Vulnerability evasion: this characterizes the nations having low shirking of vulnerability requires more adaptability than administration does however the Coca Cola Company has a high shirking of vulnerability where the need is reflected more upon the associations systems and ceremonies (Wild et al. 2014). Independence: this implies the individual should deal with oneself alone, which would be helpful for the organization. Manliness: this alludes to the materialistic achievement, accomplishment, and attestation of the Coca Cola Company. The Coca Cola Company has set up Supplier Guiding Principles for picking the correct providers for their organization. These standards help the providers and the organization to convey between them with the goal that the approaches are executed effectively. To get this, the hypothesis of significant worth chain investigation is received which focuses on the exercises like beginning of crude materials to its change to definite items (Fojcik 2015). This hypothesis has two classifications essential exercises, which incorporate deals, appropriations and activity exercises, and the other is bolster exercises, which includes HR and RD. this worth chain hypothesis has demonstrated to be advantageous on the grounds that it has made a lot of chances to make sure about the benefits of cost and the open doors for the separation of the item (Coca-cola.co.uk 2016). The worth chain hypothesis builds the associations seriousness. Decrease in costs, portion of market is improved and the overall reve nue. The worldwide worth chains are the latest ones as it is progressively common as it incorporates the exercises of the associations on consistent schedule. It implies that the laborers and the organizations, which are topographically isolated, can intercommunicate with one another, which was impractical before (Teece 2014). This methodology prompts the firm foundation of the association. This worldwide worth chain is a system, which for the most part centers around the retailers, merchandisers that oversee the creation and dispersion internationally. On the off chance that the providers are outside, at that point there come numerous hindrances in the associations. The hindrance could be of contrasts in language, strategies for installment, and the transportation techniques. The merchandise source could be influenced by the obligation and the crude materials from the providers. Coca Cola has been selling its items in excess of 200 nations so it has huge client nations for running its association (Coca-cola.co.uk 2016). The client nations favor globalization. There are two kind of client industry, which favors an association. They are the copy client industry who underlines more on the homogenous components and the furniture client industry whose elements or requirements are given by the neighborhood culture, tastes and so on. This organization has the arranged technique for advertise passage systems where it job is to convey the administrations or merchandise to the market that is in target and appropriating the items. On account of trading or bringing in the administrations, the market section systems allude to overseeing and building up contracts in different nations (Forsgren and Johanson 2014). The internationalization technique encourages the association to grow its business outside its residential area. They help in causing the association to go global by entering new markets; it helps in the cost decrease and upgrades seriousness of the association. it helps in the abuse of the center capabilities in the new market, helps in sharing higher market hazards, the lower cost of work, lower charge, the normal assets which are less expensive are a portion of the offices given by the internationalization methodologies (Mellahi and Frynas 2015). In this manner, the internationalization procedures help the association by getting them access to the different markets, assists with getting capital from the remote markets, it additionally lead to the entrance to the creation assets of the association, serves to corporate hazard the executives. It likewise helps in the starting of new items in the market. Coca Cola has a significant organization with the WWF to monitor water, as it is one of the most significant components of the nature, which needs protection. These two organizations have an association since 2007 to save the freshwater (Coca-cola.co.uk 2016). Their organization means to give solid bowls of freshwater in the Mesoamerican Reef in Mexico. These two organizations are attempting to address the difficulties of the common assets by changing the freshwater effect and along these lines improving the exhibition of the natural conditions. This improvement is done over the gracefully chain of the organization, where its fundamental belief is coordinated to settle on certain choices about the procedure and clarifying the persuasive close by accomplices to understand the worldwide difficulties of nature. The organizations of these two organizations are on a worldwide premise however they likewise serve locally in a large number of the nations to preserve water and make a protecte d fate of water (Radebaugh et al. 2015). As increasingly more of the collusions may be, being made up in the organization they need a key coalition, which would improve their association much and on a more significant level. Income was viewed as the significant union however this was not by any means the only thing there are five other measures, which decides the vital collusion of the association. These measures are making the business objective as it center objective. Building up the competency of the association or fills in as the solid wellspring of upper hand, the hindering of a serious danger is another model, settling on the decisions, which are key for the association, and last is the hazard to the business association (Thome and Medeiros 2016). The issue with growing such key collusion is that the association needs to make sense of as which standards ought to be utilized where and how and what might be the impact of such rules on the organization provided that any of the ac complices misjudges the key union then it would prompt the fall of the association. Coca Cola is one of the most perceived and greatest drink organizations on the planet. It spreads to in excess of 200 nations having in excess of 3000 items. The achievement of this organization is because of the system, the standards it follows, and the manner in which it deals with its representatives. They do as such by making the earth of the spot serene and having association among the workers. The organization has likewise detailed a few approaches for the security of the organization and it representatives. The organization is so enormous and has it branches wherever that it has made a few databases to keep a record of their clients, providers and how they are getting along business with their buyers. This organization has had the option to set up its market procedures to bring an unrest by making its business high, propelling increasingly more of items and expanding the opposition with different organizations. Along these lines, the new organizations can't stay aware of the d eveloping pace. References: Cavusgil, S.T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J.R., Rammal, H.G. what's more, Rose, E.L., 2014.International Australia.business. Pearson Coca-cola.co.uk. 2016. Organization Structure | Cocaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ËœCola System | Coca-Cola GB. [online] Available at: https:

Books to Make You Happy, Productive, Focused, and Smart

Books to Make You Happy, Productive, Focused, and Smart When the weather first turns terrible for winter, as it already has here in Minnesota, I need books that make me feel good. I need books that make me feel like I can make positive changes, and I need books that make me motivated get my shit together. A couple years ago, the book that kicked my slump was The Happiness Project by Gretchen Rubin. The book chronicles Rubin’s 12 month quest to become happier, focusing her energy on one area of her like each month and obsessively tracking her results. I thought it was delightful and a little weird, but it made me feel filled with possibility. I didn’t like her second book, Happier at Home, nearly as much, mostly because fact that she lives an awfully privileged lifestyle hides just underneath the surface. I was feeling a little intimidated by how much she accomplishes every day until I learned that she’s married to senior partner at a hedge fun, living in an Upper East Side triplex, and employs a sitter and a housekeeper. My life could a lot happier if I didn’t have to do the dishes all the time, too. All that said, I can’t help but be a little excited about Rubin’s newest book coming out in March, Better Than Before: Mastering the Habits of Our Everyday Lives. Instead of focusing on happiness directly, Rubin is turning her attention to habits, which she sees as a way to master self-control and ultimately contribute to happiness. But since that book is still several months away, and many of us set January 1 as an arbitrary date to try and change our lives for the better, I’ve got four suggestions of books on habits, willpower, and happiness you can read today. Thanks to the rest of the Book Riot crew for chiming in on several of these suggestions. Getting Things Done by David Allen Getting Things Done is basically the bible of productivity (and pretty much the only reason anything gets done at Book Riot). In the book, Allen outlines fives stages of workflow and shares a system that helps maximize productivity at each of those stages. And even if you read the book and don’t feel like implementing the system, his basic principles â€" write things down, put them in the place that makes sense, review your lists, find ways to give yourself reminders in context and keep strong walls around your systems â€" make total sense in other contexts, too. Don’t let the self-helpy cover turn you off; if you want to be more organized and productive, this one is a must read. The Distraction Addiction by Alex Soojung-Kim Pang One of my ongoing bad habits is getting distracted by my smartphone and by the Internet at large. The Distraction Addiction was the first book I read about distraction that asked the right question about technology â€" “Can we stay connected without diminishing our intelligence, attention spans, and ability to really live?” â€" and offered smart answers to that question. Pang doesn’t advocate we get rid of our devices, but does encourage readers to think carefully about how we let them interrupt our lives and attention. After I read the book, I turned off nearly every notification on my phone (including email) and have not looked back since. The Power of Habit by Charles Duhigg I haven’t actually read The Power of Habit yet, but several other Riot writers have raved about it. In the book, Duhigg, a New York Times business reporter, looks at the science behind habits to look at why they exist and what we can do to change them. The whole first section is filled with diagrams to illustrating the Habit Loop and how to use that loop to your advantage. Because Duhigg has a business background, the book is full of examples of marketers who’ve taken advantage of triggers to connect products to daily habits. Sounds super interesting. Manage Your Day-to-Day edited by Jocelyn K. Glei If you’ve read a ton about time and productivity, then this book isn’t going to provide anything new. But if you’re just diving into this topic, then this collection of short essays is a great place to start. The book brings together “leading creative minds” to talk about how they find time to do creative work during otherwise hectic lives. The essays are organized into four sections â€" building a rock-solid routine, finding focus in a distracted world, taming your tools, and sharpening your creative mind â€" and are nice to pick up during brief moments when you need a brain break. I felt like this one was largely practical, with lots of concrete information about the routines of talented people. ____________________ Book Riot Live is coming! Join us for a two-day event full of books, authors, and an all around good time.

The Effects Of Substance Abuse On Children - 1628 Words

Introduction to Family Issue Substance abuse has been a big problem not only in our society but also to the families affected by it. According to Crosson-Tower â€Å"Over 13 million children live with a parent who has used illicit and addictive drugs†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Crosson-Tower, 2004, pp. 97-98). Children are like sponges they learn and copy what they see and experience. According to Bernard, et al â€Å"Through our primary caregivers we learn to understand and make sense of the world† (Bernard, et al., 2006, p. 80). Therefore, exposing young children to substance use and abuse can greatly affect them. Children who grew up with parents who are substance abuser have a higher risk of using and abusing drugs themselves. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) â€Å" a growing percentage of students in the 8th, 10th, and 12th grades are using marijuana on a regular basis, according to the 2010 Monitoring the Future (MTF) survey† (NIDA, 2011). Moreover, th e use of ecstasy among 8th and 10th graders has increased. Among 8th graders ecstasy use rate rose from 1.3 percent in 2009 to 2.4 percent in 2010 and among 10th grader from 3.7 percent to 4.7 percent (NIDA, 2011). Children are forced to grow up faster because their parents are incapable of taking care of them because of drug problem. Also, most families with parents that are substance abusers are in a financial bind. Most of their incomes are spent to maintain their addiction therefore less money is allotted for buying food andShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Substance Abuse On Children1364 Words   |  6 Pagesare 50% more likely to abuse substances (Promises Treatment Center). Bullying is the act of physical or verbal tormenting over a set amount of time, usually targeted at one person or a group of people. Bullying is an international issue that ruins the victim s emotional well-being. Those who are victims of bullying can turn to drugs or other substances as a form of coping; people who bully can be shown to have abusive tendencies with these substances as well. Substance abuse is defined as being dependentRead MoreThe Effects Of Substance Abuse On Children1443 Words   |  6 Pagessubstan ce it can lead to impairment or distress in many different ways such as, â€Å"recurrent substance use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home, recurrent substance use in situations in which it is physically hazardous, recurrent substance-related legal problems, continued substance use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of the substance† (Susic, 2007). According to the Foster CareRead MoreThe Effects Of Substance Abuse On Children751 Words   |  4 Pages Partner. 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Children who grow up in such families may also expe rience mental health issues, social isolation, financial difficulties, and exposure to stressful lifeRead MoreEssay on Substance Abuse Effects on Children1052 Words   |  5 Pagesbeen affected by the effects of substance abuse/addiction. Additionally, it will seek to describe a comprehensive model for treating this population. The mission would be to eliminate the devastating impact of substance abuse on those affected: chemically dependent individuals, those with a history of substance abuse/misuse, families/children and communities. The goal is to achieve and sustain abstinence for those addicted to alcohol and other substances in order for them toRead MoreSubstance Use Disorders ( Suds )1720 Words   |  7 Pagesdetermined that children raised by substance using parents are at an increased risk for developing substance use disorders (SUDs) in adulthood as a result of familial dissemination of substance abuse through both the environments in which the children are raised and genetic susceptibility (Merikangas et al., 1998; Merikangas Avenevoli, 2000). Unfortunately, there is an insignificant amount of literature examining the effects that the combined treatment and recovery of substance abusing parentsRead MoreEffects Of Parental Addiction On Children1457 Words   |  6 Pages THE EFFECTS PARENTAL ADDICTIONS HAVE ON CHILDREN Alexis Holcomb The cost of alcohol and substance abuse in the United States reaches heights of four hundred eighty four billion dollars per year (â€Å"Magnitude†). That’s about seven hundred eighty times the amount it cost to diagnose and treat sexually transmitted diseases in the year 2000 (Chesson). The sole purpose of this is not to persuade you one way or the other on this topic. Nor is the purpose to apologize for this social issueRead MoreAdhd and Substance Abuse1392 Words   |  6 PagesADHD and Substance Abuse                                                                                                           Ã‚                    Ã‚                  The Evidence Of Substance Abuse With ADHD                                       The purpose of this paper is to identify the link between ADHD and substance abuse. Substance abuse is a true threat to people who are diagnosed  with psychological disorders. Among the questions of precursors to substance abuse, lies the hypothesis that individuals diagnosed with Attention Deficit HyperactivityRead MoreThe Abuse Of Drugs And Alcohol1365 Words   |  6 PagesThe abuse of drugs and alcohol has been a known issue over past decades. The media paints the picture that alcohol and drug use is fun and the only way to have a good time. While alcohol in moderation is fine, many people find themselves going over board and abusing it. Elicit drugs like cocaine and heroin are highly addictive and have several adverse effects. People find themselves depressed and anxious so they ultimately try to use these drugs to mask the pain instead of getting help for theirRead MoreEssay on Effects of Parental Drug Abuse on Childr en1750 Words   |  7 PagesHeather Swenson Mandy Jesser English Composition I 1 May 2013 Effects of Parental Drug Abuse on Their Children As soon as birth, children are exposed to new things; new life experiences that will develop the path of which direction their life will take. Adolescence is the most important time in a child’s life because it is where they learn appropriate behavior from their family and the outside world. Some children are able to use these experiences to differentiate at an early age what is

Essay on Psychology and Health Issues Program Review-Hca/250

Psychology and Health Issues Program Review October 7, 2012 HCA/250 Instructor: Catherine Doughty In this final project of the class, we are asked to follow a widespread psychological issue to be chosen from a list of subjects. The overview that was selected was diabetes. An explanation of the health issue overview, education program, and a proposal to improve the program will be explained in the following paragraphs as well as psychology issues, risk factors, and treatments that are associated with this disease. After researching diabetes, the findings were that African Americans are the ethnic group that is most affected by the disease. 4.9 million African Americans have been diagnosed with diabetes and the numbers†¦show more content†¦Being overweight is a primary factor to diabetes due to the storage of fatty tissue. The more it is, the more resistant to diabetes and individual is. With fat distribution, the body stores more fat in the abdomen, the risk factor to Type 2 diabetes is greater. Inactivity due to no exercise or inability to move normally makes cells inactive to insulin. Family history increases the risk if a parent and/or sibling has type 2 diabetes. African Americans (race) are the most likely to develop diabetes than any other race. The older we get, the less we are to exercise, lose muscle mass and gain weight. Untreated pre-diabetes will eventually turn into type 2 diabetes as well as gestational diabetes when pregnant. (Centers for Disease Control, pg.2, 2012) Diabetes seems to be linked strongly with poverty. Poor nutrition and being poor does not allow for the impoverished to obtain healthy and nutritious meals. Being poor means that you have to eat what you can when you can in order to survive. In poor neighborhoods, there is not an option of fresh produce or fresh meats, just canned or packaged foods that are easily prepared in the microwave or an oven are what they are subjected to eat. Their grocery store is the convenience store on the corners of the neighboring blocks. Owners of the stores are scared to erect grocery stores because they are in fear of being

Seneca Valley Virus Past Perspectives And Future...

Oncolytic Seneca Valley Virus: past perspectives and future directions This article covers the Seneca Valley Virus (SVV-001) as a hopeful for an oncolytic treatment of certain cancer types. More specifically those with neuroendocrine properties such as rhabdomyosarcoma, Wilms tumor, glioblastoma, neuroblastoma, and adult small-cell lung cancer. Each of which effect smooth/skeletal muscle cells, kidneys/adrenal glands (mainly in children), astrocytes of the brain, nerve cells of a fetus, and lung cells in adults respectively. The virus was discovered by accident in a contaminated cell culture that contained bovine serum to promote growth. The virus was later discovered to be almost exclusively found in farm animals such as cows and pigs, due to the presence of neutralizing antibodies that were later to only ever have been found in one human sample. Just as important as that, the virus only targets the cells of the above-mentioned cancers/tumors, is a self-replicating RNA virus, and its inability to infect other cells in the body all come together to resu lt in the lysis of these specific cancer cells. These properties alone give great hope for SVV-001 as a treatment for those infected by these diseases, and prompted for more research into its medicinal possibilities. Like every good research study, scientists quickly went into preclinical trials of SVV-001 as an oncolytic treatment. The plan was to test the effectiveness of the virus as a treatment through in vitro test and

Accreditation and Certification Standards

Question: Discuss about the Accreditation and Certification Standards. Answer: Introduction: Accreditation and Certification of the information system related to any organization is very important in order to ensure the security measures of the organizational security systems (Aacqa.gov.au 2016). In case of the Australian Government, there are some processes or a step that needs to be followed by the any organization those are interested in expanding their business within Australia (Aacqa.gov.au 2016). In contrast with this aspect, Payment Card Company concerned in the concerned case study should follow some accreditation and certification standards for their approving their information system secured enough. These standards are given as follows: Certification Standards for the information system of Payment Card Company A certification process of some information security system is nothing but the implementation and assessment of its effectiveness in the real world or within the organizational context (Aacqa.gov.au 2016). Control: 1141; Revision: 1; Updated: Apr-15; Applicability: UD, P, C, S, TS; Compliance: must; Authority: AA: This is the control certification framework for certifying the information system of the concerned Payment Card Company according to the case study. According to this framework in Australia, the organization needs to undergo some of the security assessment programs that ensure the secured perspectives of their informant system (Aacqa.gov.au 2016). In addition to this, this process is known as the Audit and this is one [art of the certification process. Accreditation and Certification within Singapore and Suva In case of Australian government, the organization needs to follow all of the above mentioned standards and frameworks in order to expand their business process within Australia (ISO 2016). The concerned organization has two call centers at Singapore and Suva but not all of these are considered under the Australian Government standards and frameworks for accreditation and certification of their information system. In consideration with this fact the organization needs to follow or incorporate the International Standard for information security management (ISO 27001) (ISO 2016). These standards are followed by every organizations those are willing to expand their business around the globe. These standards for information security are called as the ISO information security management standards. Certification and Accreditation to ISO 27001: In accordance with the for accreditation and certification of the informant system of the Payment Card Company, it is very important for the organization to know the standards, rules and regulations followed by ISO (ISO 2016). These standards are same as the other information-security management frameworks and standards. Certification and to ISO 27001 is possible but it is not obligatory. These standards are mainly chosen for experiencing best practices within the organization. in contrast with this as ISO 27001 is an international standard every customers get an assurance of getting a secured results from their choices of products. All of the above mentioned aspects or rules are helpful in analyzing the potential of the ISO standards in consideration with Payment Card Company. Organization in Australia providing Accreditation and Certification to Information system of Payment Card Company About the Accreditation and Certification of Information system from Australia, the agency that will be providing this is JAS-ANZ (Jas-anz.org 2016). This organization or government agency has the responsibility for taking care of the accreditation and certification of the information systems of any considered organization (Jas-anz.org 2016). As the concerned organization Payment Card Company is willing to expand their business process within Australia, they need to be certified by this organization. JAS-ANZ provides the accreditation and certification to the Payment Card Company for the ISO standards that will be helping them to establish their new business within the country as well as the products and services are certified by this agency, which is similar to the ISO certification and accreditation standards and regulations (ISO 2016). These accreditation and certification standards will be providing the following benefits: Highlights the competency and credibility Confirms the impartial and independent nature of the organization Provides the international recognition as well as international certification and accreditation to the organization (Jas-anz.org 2016) Ensures the achievement of benchmark for ongoing performance against the relevant international standards Provide the client a high level of satisfaction and assurance of product quality Increase the overall competency as well as competitive advantages of the organization The Payment Card Company can gain all of the above achievements after they are accredited and certified from the JAS-ANZ (Jas-anz.org 2016). The accreditation and certification throughout the market is very target market is very important as the organization needs to earn reputation within the target market then only the customers will get attracted and the organization improve their competitive advantages within their selected target market (Jas-anz.org 2016). In contrast with the above mentioned aspects, there are certain aspects that may be incorporated within the system architecture of the organization with the help of these certification and accreditation standards: business innovation, product certification, improvement of environment etc. References Aacqa.gov.au. (2016).About accreditation Australian Aged Care Quality Agency. [online] Available at: https://www.aacqa.gov.au/for-the-public/for-providers [Accessed 24 Nov. 2016]. asd.gov.au/publications/Information_Security_Manual, (2016). . Excellence, B.P., 2013. The Joint Commission announces 2014 national patient safety goal.Joint Commission Perspectives. Fouilleux, E. and Loconto, A., 2016. Voluntary standards, certification, and accreditation in the global organic agriculture field: a tripartite model of techno-politics.Agriculture and Human Values, pp.1-14. Fridsma, D.B., 2015. Update on informatics-focused certification and accreditation activities.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association,22(2), pp.489-490. ISO. (2016).ISO/IEC 27001 - Information security management. [online] Available at: https://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/management-standards/iso27001.htm [Accessed 24 Nov. 2016]. Jas-anz.org. (2016).Accreditation | JAS ANZ. [online] Available at: https://www.jas-anz.org/accreditation [Accessed 24 Nov. 2016]. Tran, N., Bailey, C., Wilson, N. and Phillips, M., 2013. Governance of global value chains in response to food safety and certification standards: The case of shrimp from Vietnam.World development,45, pp.325-336. Uchida, I., Tomiyasu, M., Iwasaki, K., Kobayashi, T., Mukai, H., Imamura, K. and Iwamoto, K., 2016. Accreditation Standards for Medical Science Liaison (MSL) Certification Programmes in Japan: A Viewpoint from the Japanese Association of Pharmaceutical Medicine (JAPhMED).Pharmaceutical Medicine,30(1), pp.23-35.

Gospel of Mark Response free essay sample

The Gospel of Mark provides brief, concise parables to illustrate Jesus’s teachings throughout Galilee, Palestine, and finally Jerusalem. Jesus teaches the Gospel along his journey and gathers his twelve disciples, who are also devoted to spread the greatness of the Gospel. Jesus’s word spreads throughout the land and more and more people gather to witness his miracles and teachings. Through questioning, debating, and learning, the population can begin to understand what they think the Gospel teaches. As Jesus begins to gain his first group followers, a number of fishermen, he demonstrates his authority by displaying his supernatural powers. Jesus heals a paralytic, a leper, and others who wish to be cleansed. Mark’s gospel shows that through these miracles, Jesus begins to stand as a strong figure of authority to the population. As one can imagine, these miracles drew great attention to Jesus. Many question his authority and wonder how he is entitled to preach the wishes of God. We will write a custom essay sample on Gospel of Mark Response or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This causes him to become increasingly misunderstood, doubted, and even betrayed by some of his followers. Jesus continues to show his dominance over nature by calming a storm, exorcising a man, and even bringing a child back to life. Jesus instructs to a handful of people that he heals to not speak of his miracles, which further conceal people from fully accepting the meaning of his teachings. Still, some people do not trust Jesus’s power and continue to be skeptical. Witnesses accuse Jesus of disregarding traditional Jewish law. Jesus explains how one should not only follow the laws, but for them to be part of our intentions. Some people say that the gospels preach strict rules that are too numerous to follow, but this notion shows the importance of letting yourself live in God’s image rather than adhering solely to written rules. One must hold the commandments of God close to the heart to also uphold tradition. Additional miracles are preformed, such as the sharing of little bread and wine among thousands of Jesus’s followers. As Jesus begins to foresees his own death and resurrection, he begins emphasize the teachings of the Gospel rather than performing more miracles. Jesus speaks about divorce, spouses, and mentions the promise of the Kingdom of God. While great sacrifice is needed to enter, it all pays off. Jesus also makes it clear that loving God and loving your neighbor as you love yourself places you closer to the kingdom of God. Eventually, Jesus’s prediction of his death is met. Jesus calls his disciples to a dinner where the sacrament of the eucharist is revealed. His disciples are asked to eat and drink the bread and wine as a symbol of Jesus’s body and blood. After praying, Jesus is taken by the city’s chief priests the next morning and reveals that he is the Son of the Blessed One and Messiah. Strangely enough, it is a solider that first recognizes that the man they were arresting was the Son of God. Succumbed to ridicule and humiliation, Jesus is crucified. From my own perspective, the cross holds political meaning. Jesus’s crucifixion showed how much of a radical individual and threat he was to the domination system of the Roman Empire. The resurrection that follows three days after the crucifixion further confirms that Jesus was the person he claimed to be: The Son of God. Jesus shows how love can triumph over hate and compassion over oppression. There is no authority that can overcome Him, not even death. Upon rising, he reveals himself to Mary, Mary Magdalene, and his apostles. The word of Jesus’s resurrection is spread everywhere. His disciples are then instructed to go forth and preach the word of God, which has spread widely throughout the world as we see today. The Gospel of Mark provides Christians with a first look into the life of Jesus. Also, it shows how the teachings of Jesus are to be interpreted in different ways. It’s obvious that Jesus seems to teach in parables, but it is seen in Mark’s gospel that he does this in order to keep people from understanding his teachings in one single message. This gospel give an idea of how people should live through challenging circumstances and to replace fear with trust in God.

Why Having a Large Vocabulary Is Good Essay Example

Why Having a Large Vocabulary Is Good Essay Example Why Having a Large Vocabulary Is Good Paper Why Having a Large Vocabulary Is Good Paper Your vocabulary tells the rest of the world a lot about you. It shows a person’s background, upbringing, education, and even his or her inclinations. A large vocabulary shows not only your aptitude for language, but also shows a good, solid background in reading. We tend to generalize people with wide vocabularies to be smart, highly-educated, and well-read. By this perception alone, it is no wonder that many people aspire to inject big words and elaborate phrases into their speech, just to show people how well-read they are. Of course, this is not to say that people who amass a wide vocabulary do it simply for the superficial reason of showing off. But we cannot deny that people who endeavor to develop an elegant way of speaking by the use of a wide vocabulary tend to impress their listeners and audience. Someone with a wide vocabulary shows us that the person is proficient with words. It aids greatly not only in providing a positive and learned impression of the speaker, but allows the speaker to communicate his or her ideas more effectively. When you have a large pool of words to choose from, it easier to select a word which best fits a particular situation or is most applicable for a certain audience. The speaker can adjust his or her words to suit the ambiance, since a wide vocabulary always provides for an alternative on what word we wish to use to express our thoughts and feelings. A wide vocabulary is a powerful tool. It allows the possessor thereof to influence its audience, such as the case of a charismatic speaker, in any lecture, audience, session, or conversation. Someone who is a connoisseur of words will be able to give a more effective talk or presentation in front of any association. A large vocabulary is essential not only for a public speaker, but for a writer, since it allows them to put down what they want to say in many different ways, with less tendency for dispute as to their meaning and interpretation. It allows the speaker to offer sympathy or to denounce a topic or person in a tactful way, especially if the listener is not familiar with the words used. Having a wide vocabulary may have negative effects on a person as well, such as when the possessor thereof tends to be arrogant and judgmental of people who do not possess the same vast vocabulary. It can give one the feeling of superiority and of being better educated or smarter than other people, and as a result they tend to alienate people whose vocabulary do not match theirs. What people with a wide vocabulary should take not is that not everyone is as fortunate to have been exposed to such literature and education, and that a lack of a wide vocabulary does not necessarily indicate illiteracy, but rather a lack of opportunity. People with a large vocabulary comprise a privileged set – those who have had the opportunity to read or study extensively – and should not make excessive use of this gift to segregate other people who have not been as lucky. Instead, they should use their vocabulary to entice people to the world of reading and learning, and should be generous about sharing the benefits of having a large vocabulary. They must not hesitate to share what they know, and must use their large vocabulary as a tool not only in expressing themselves but in helping others to express themselves as well.

An report for the subject Contemporary Developments in Business and Essay

An report for the subject Contemporary Developments in Business and Management - Essay Example The problem does not finish here. In fact, it emanates from here. There is an array of internal and external influences cast upon any contemporary business organization. Economic conditions fluctuate, systems and processes undergo changes, competitors launch fresh assaults and shareholders pressurize. But the organization explores specific ways to deal with all these crests and troughs. In fact, organizations develop strategic approaches to adapt and flourish with the constantly changing internal and external environment. There are various external and internal factors that influence the functioning of a business enterprise. Researches and studies have brought forth the following major parameters that affect the business process: These are broad outlines. Different factors interact with one another to give rise to a complicated business management problem. For instance, analysis of contemporary organizational and people management issues in the context of change, innovations and imitations brings forth issues of leadership style, facilitation of creativity and the systemic management of complex change. Similarly, the role of technology has to be analyzed as both a source and enabler of change. All this implies that different factors affect the overall business environment. Therefore, it becomes important to analyze them both from a larger and a specific perspective before adopting a new approach to deal with a situation. The tasks of crafting, implementing and executing company strategies are the heart and soul of a business enterprise. Therefore it is imperative to strategize keeping into consideration the gamut of external and internal factors that affect the business on the whole. Successful companies recognize and respond profitably to all these factors, which actually are a host of unmet needs and trends. These companies realize that the business environment presents a never-ending series of opportunities and threats. Consequently, the

Electronic Medical Records Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Electronic Medical Records - Essay Example Thus, the EMR has a complicated system which deals with the patient data in the most effective manner. The benefits of the EMR system in health care are several which help the practitioners immensely. "The system enables access to comprehensive, legible, and organized patient data and reference literature at the point of service." (Clayton, 2005). While the benefits of EMR in health care service are numerous, there are some significant disadvantages to the system which offer some crucial challenges to the practitioners. The major concerns about the use of the system are connected with set-up and training, productivity/efficiency concerns, connections to external data sources, privacy concerns, system performance and availability etc. The lack of confidentiality of the individual records which are managed electronically as well as the limitations connected with the software, hardware and networking technologies illustrate the major challenges faced when implementing a universal EMR sy stem. Clayton, Paul D. (2005). "Physician use of electronic medical records: Issues and successes with direct data entry and physician productivity." Retrieved February 09, 2009, from http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgiartid=1560588

This Issue Of Cosmetic Surgery

This Issue Of Cosmetic Surgery In recent years, the popularity of cosmetic surgery has escalated significantly. According to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, in 2008, some 12 million cosmetic procedures, most of which were minimally invasive, were performed in the United States alone. As Dutta (2008) cited in Swami et al (2012, p. 55) claims, this situation is not only found in North America, but also for instance in Europe which has currently become the second-largest market for cosmetic surgery. Concerned with the maintenance or enhancement of physical appearance (Swami et al, 2012, p. 55), cosmetic surgery is an invasive physical practice, offering people an opportunity to modify their body (Lirola and Chovanec, 2002). Through discourse of cosmetic surgery, mainly influenced by the media, which as Lirola and Chovanec, (2002, p. 488) claim both constructs the need for such a practice as well as legitimizes it, more people are becoming increasingly willing to undergo such practice. Among these people and according to ASPS statistics (2009a, as cited in Swami et al, 2012, p.55) the vast majority of cosmetic surgery patients are young women. Boseley (2012) reports that 6 in 10 (63%) 16 to 24 year olds were ready to undergo cosmetic surgery to ensure feeling better about their appearance. It has become a habit that cosmetic surgery interventions are also being given from parents to their teenage daughters as birthday or graduation presents with breast implants being the most favourite (Gilman, 1999). This is because media and vicarious experiences are promoting unrealistic beauty ideals which are in turn influencing young peoples attitudes towards their own looks. Because of this, cosmetic surgery needs to be seen as an important social practice because it merges the attention given to the body by an individual person with the values and priorities of the consumer society (Lirola and Chovanec, 2002). 1.2 Personal Perspective This issue of cosmetic surgery has always fascinated me. Seeing middle aged and even older people paying good money to rejuvenate their looks, has become a common scenario. However, cosmetic surgery done by young people who are still in their prime, always fascinated me to a much larger extent. I was always curious to find out why these young people decide to opt for surgery. While growing up as a teenager and even to this day that I am now a teacher, youth worker and a mother, even I were and still am aware of things which I do not like in my appearance. However, it never occurred to me that I should go for cosmetic surgery or when it did, it was just a thought which quickly passed. This curiosity is what led me to conduct this study. When does one cross the line and decide to opt for the surgical fix? Both as a student of Youth and Community Studies and in my line of work, I meet a lot of young people who in my eyes are all beautiful in their own way. This is not however always in unison with their perception about their own self. Through this study I would like to find out what it is that really that makes young females to undergo cosmetic surgery. This study however will be more interested in the sociological motivations since it has a sociological approach. That is why this study is interested in the interaction between social actors. Is society influencing their way of thinking or are their perceptions and the decisions they take unaffected by the cultural hegemony? 1.3 Organization of the Study Apart from the introduction, this study comprises of four other chapters. The literature review (Chapter 2) presents a review of the literature related to the study of the body and cosmetic surgery. Starting from Descartes mind-body dualism and the difficulties it posited to sociology in studying issues related to the body, the literature then shifts to a more embodied sociology giving more importance to a lived body. Other issues tackled are how the body has come to be seen as our identity and also gender. Since this study focuses on young people, it then takes a look at what forms the body image of adolescents and how consumer culture influences the body. Finally it gives a very brief history of cosmetic surgery and how are young females being affected by it. Chapter 3 gives a detailed explanation of the methodology of the study. It explains how the participants were chosen and how the interviews were done. It also deals with how the data was analysed, ethical considerations taken and the limitations of the study. Chapter 4 presents the findings of the study and their interpretation in the light of the literature found in Chapter 2. Chapter 5 concludes the study by answering the research questions which the study was set to answer and also presents recommendations for future research. This chapter has given some brief background information of what will be presented in this study, while the chapter that follows will explore the literature that will help the interpretation of the data analysis. Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1 Introducing the body. It was only recently that the body has become one of the main concerns within sociological theory. Before this time, the discipline of sociology looked at human beings as the social actors or the social agents whose character and behaviour depended on their social location, beliefs and values (Turner, 1984). The founding fathers of sociology viewed the body from different perspectives. Marx and Engels shared the belief that in order for society to exist, the continual reproduction of bodies was salient. They looked at bodies as both the means and the object of human labour. Durkheim believed in the dual nature of human beings which he referred to as homo duplex. He believed that the basic divisions of body and mind led to a true antagonism between our individuality and our spirituality, which according to him made it almost impossible to ever be at peace with ourselves as one cannot follow both natures, since one is rooted in morality and the other in the desires of the body. Weber w rote about the rationalization of bodies through time and space and the controlling of emotions. He believed that the more capitalism enters in the bureaucratic structures, the more dehumanising and disenchanted the modern individual feels, confined in its iron cage. Simmel wrote about the senses and human emotionality. He believed that the eye, out of all the senses, had a distinctively sociological function since the interaction of individuals is based upon eye contact between them (Williams and Bendelow, 1998). As Turner (1984) claims, it is evident that human beings both have bodies and are bodies, which fact makes human beings embodied, just as they are enselved (Turner, 1984, p.1). Recently a lot of studies have tried to address the corporeal existence of human beings. However, in spite of intriguing findings and better understanding of the subject, according to Crossley (2001) some persistent dilemmas remain. Drawing from previous philosophical theories about the body, it was not easy along the years for sociology to arrive to a decent solution to the philosophical ambiguity of the mind-body dualism. It was Rene Descartes (1596-1650) who living in the Enlightenment era was greatly influenced by scientists like Galileo and their contemporary scientific discoveries. It was a time when the physical sciences, as we know them today, were emerging and there was a strong belief that everything could be explained by the laws of mechanical causation. With this belief in mind, and always in search for the knowledgeable truth, Descartes started to doubt everything that he could not be sure of. He even doubted his very own senses, reminding himself that he had sometimes had vivid dreams (Crossley, 2001, p.9). However he came to the conclusion that the only thing that he could be sure of was that he was thinking and therefore that was proof enough of his existence. Cogito ergo sum meaning I think therefore I am is Descartes most famous statement which was the very beginning of the Cartesian dichotomy, i.e. the mind-body dualism. For Descartes, the person is the mind. He believed that the mind is clearly elevated over the body and that the body is a non-essential aspect of his true nature (Crossley, 2001).It is a common belief that in a time when everything was reduced to scientific explanations, Descartes, being the religious man he was, aimed to keep an element of the spiritual, giving importance to creativity and the soul through the prominence he put on the mind. Many were the scholars (Ryle, 1949; Merleau-Ponty, 1965) who critiqued the Cartesian dualism and exposed the dilemmas it posited to sociology. As Crossley (2001) clearly explains in his book The Social Body: Habit, identity and desire, the mind-brain identity theorists believed that there is no interaction between the body and the mind and the fact that both of them act together at the same time in a plethora of human beings everyday activities, led to the conviction that the mind and body are in fact one. Crossley (2001) argued that sociology could critique this theory for being too reductionist and for sticking to the Cartesian framework it sets out to critique. In The Concept of Mind, Gilbert Ryle (1949) depicts the Cartesian dichotomy as the myth of the ghost in the machine, the ghost referring to the ghostly nature of the mind which is not physical in nature, while the machine refers to the body that does not contain any human characteristics, also described as corpse or meat by Leder (1998). Ryle (1949) believed that Descartes committed a category error when he took the mind as distinct from the body. For Ryle, who was a firm believer that dualism was wrong, both body and mind must be reconceptualised if we really are to overcome dualism He sets the way to a non-dualistic sociology when he manages to exorcise Descartes ghost strongly and convincingly. He wanted to challenge the notion that the mind is superior to the body. For Ryle, the mind is not a separate thing. He believed that mental life is embodied. Crossley (2001) gives a detailed explanation of how language, emotions, consciousness and understanding are not as many think simply introspective. Ryles (1949, as cited in Crossley 2001, p.41) main concern was to show that such mental concepts are used by embodied agents in specific contexts of action. Merleau-Ponty (1992, as cited in Crossley, 2001), who like Ryle challenged the mind-body dualism, managed to take his work a step further. He believed that looking at behaviour was salient in dissolving this dichotomy. For him all behaviour always had a purpose and meaning in the social world. Through this he also brought up the issue of social agency. He delved into the nature of perception and posited that desire, emotion, cognition and perception are not, strictly speaking, separate parts of our behavioural life but rather integrated and mutually affecting aspects of a single and coherent structure (Crossley, 2001, p.89). Merleau-Ponty sees the body as more than an object yet less than a subject since it both looks for and reacts to meanings in diverse everyday situations. This is Merleau-Pontys sentient and sensible body, presented to us as a body which can touch yet can be touched, can see yet can be seen, can perceive yet can be perceived. As Crossley (1995) explains the key is to understand that the perceiver and the perceived are relational beings (ibid, p.46) like two sides of a coin, not separate from each other but changeable facets of one and the same being. Therefore to the question What am I? Am I a body or am I a mind? one can quote McGuire (1990, as cited in Williams Bendelow, 1998) when he posits that human beings are embodied agents who experience the material and social world in and through their mindful bodies (p.4). My body is not something additional to me, it is not something which I, as a disembodied spirit, reflect upon. It is who I am. (Crossley as cited in Martin, 2012). 2.2 Shifting from sociology of the body to embodied sociology. Williams Bendelow (2002) claim that sociology has shifted from seeing the body as disembodied to giving more importance to a lived body referring to ones own experiences of his/her own body, as him/herself. This gave rise to what is today called embodied sociology, a kind of approach which lets us reflect upon the interconnectedness of bodily, mental and social interaction. Crossley (2001) posits that the human body does not simply exist in itself, but also for itself. This is the main reason why social agents continuously inspect themselves in the mirror and worry about how they are portraying themselves to others. Through a reflexive process, individuals, being embodied beings, turn back onto themselves and work to effect the change they want to see. They turn to excessive exercise, dieting and sometimes go as far as having their bodies surgically transformed. This duality of being and having also applies to habit making us habitually self-reflexive. As embodied beings, it is not just us who have our bodies and habits. Our bodies and habits are also perceptible to others which mean that we are never in complete possession of ourselves (p. 141) because our selves depend on something beyond our control the collectively valued forms of representation. Crossley claims we only manage to have ourselves by learning to see ourselves from the outside through social interaction as other. Our embodied self depends on the way the body that I am and I have is positioned in the intersubjective order that results from the social significance of our corporeal appearance. This echoes Cooley (1902, as cited in Crossley, 2001) when he argues that individuals develop their sense of self from the image of our self which others reflect back to us in interaction (p. 143). Meads (1967, as cited in Crossley, 2001) concept of I and me where the I takes the role of the other as a means of turning back upon myself, to reflect upon myself as me (p. 147) is at the root of this concept. It is in this way that individuals develop their concept of self by acting out the role of the other. The I and the me are not in competition with each other for predominance but rather enjoy a temporal and reflexive self-relationship of an agent who chases her own shadow (p. 147). The split between I and me is between a sensuous and socialised bodily agent and the image which that agent is able to form of itself (p. 147). Meads main emphasis is about reflexivity and how the self (as I) becomes conscious of itself (as me). By adopting the role of the other, social agents are able to scrutinize themselves and this helps them to free themselves from self-blindness, which is caused when embodied agents look out upon the world from their very own place. In this way the views, values and perspectives of the generalised other directly influences what Bourdieu (1996) calls the individuals habitus, and the sedimented dispositions that result have a direct impact of her sense of self which unsurprisingly influences her behaviour. This reflexivity highlights why the human body, although specific, gendered and once regarded as fixed, cannot nowadays be as easily defined (Evans, 2002). As Foucault claims there is no natural body (McNay, 1992). Evans (2002) believes that the notion of the body is always accompanied with an already deeply socialized set of expectations. Bordo (2003) confirms this by stating that cultures grip on the body is a constant, intimate fact of everyday life (p.17) showing that our bodies, like anything else that is human, are heavily influenced by culture. Feminism, especially in the work of Judith Butler (1990, 1993) and Susan Bordo (1993) has also questioned the belief that bodies are biologically given and fixed, and argued that the human body is both culturally and historically specific. 2.3 The body as a form of identity Giddens (1991) argues that gone are the days when traditional stable identities were derived from ones position in the social structure. In this era of late modernity attempts to base identity on the body has become popular, and hence society is witnessing a reflexive concern with identity and the body. Shilling (1993) argued that with the individualisation of the body, the body has become an agent of symbolic value, in Bourdieus (1996) term a source of symbolic capital. Despite this, the work of Bourdieu makes us realise the importance class has for understanding embodiment. Bodies, for Bourdieu, mark class in three main ways through the individuals social location, the formation of their habitus and the development of their tastes (Gill et. al, 2005 p.5). This shows that the management of the body is pivotal to status acquirement and hence salient to identity. Skeggss (1997) work on young, British working class women clearly shows this by emphasizing the ways in which they used th e shape, styling and design of their bodies to challenge or even break away from class assumptions that declared them as inferior (ibid.). Featherstone (1991) argues that the body has become to be seen as a vehicle of self-expression, a view supported by consumerism. Efforts to create and retain a coherent and viable sense of self-identity are often called body projects. These are manifested through attention to the body, particularly the bodys surface (Featherstone 1991). This is because in contemporary times the surface of the body has become the main location where object relations are handled, not only in the individuals identity formation years but also throughout our whole life (Blum, 2003). 2.4 Gender Literature shows that females are more obsessed by these body projects, possibly because as Evans (2002) argues the female body, unlike the male, has always been regarded as unstable and malleable. Feminists claim that female bodies have significantly been more vulnerable to cultural manipulation of the body (Bordo, 2003).Women are generally seen as passive while men as active. In his analogy of men and women with animals and plants respectively, Hegel (1967, as cited in Bordo, 2003) ably represented the duality of male activity and female passivity. So powerful and deterministic was this that as Bordo (2003) writes, when Guttmacher analysed sperm under the microscope for the first time he refused to describe sperm as waiting for the ova and instead portrays them as cruising, as if they were looking to pick up girls. Despite this however, classical images in the Holy Bible depict the woman as a temptress (Eve, Salome, Delilah) as do the more contemporary secular versions in movies su ch as Fatal Attraction. In an era where sex sells, literature shows that the womens body has become sexualised, sometimes objectified and at others depicted as a manipulator. A homogenous, indefinable ideal of femininity constantly requires women to attend to the very finest detail in fashion. As Bordo (2003) continues to claim, female bodies have become docile bodies, bodies whose forces and energies are habituated to external regulation, subjection, transformation, improvement (p.166). Although male concern over appearance increased significantly during the late 1970s and 1980s, studies confirm that a huge gender gap still exists. Women seem to be much less appreciative of their bodies and show extreme negative assessments on their distorted bodily perception (Goleman, 1985). They also seem to judge themselves more severely when they realise that they are not conforming to the cultural ideals of beauty. This is becoming worse as time goes, since many females continue to be dissati sfied with their body image perception. It is interesting to note that in a study held in 1985, teenage girls were the group most dissatisfied with their appearance (Bordo, 2003). 2.5 Body Image in Adolescent Girls At the macro level, the sociocultural perspective highlights the importance of an appearance culture that honours and shapes cultural ideals of beauty (Vilhjalmsson et al., 2012). It is during adolescence that this culture, represented by the media, family and peers, manages to make adolescents internalise these normative beauty ideals (Jones, Vigfusdottir, Lee, 2004; Thelen Cormier 1995). As Blum (2003) explains, adolescents obtain their body image totally from the outside. The adolescent girl enters the world uncertain whether her face and body would be consented by those around her. There are many definitions of body image, a term coined by Paul Schilder in 1935 (Blum 2003). However it is generally understood as a mental image of ones body as it appears to others (Featherstone, 2010, p.194). He claims that body image also changes with time and space. Ferguson (1997a, 1997b) argues that there has been a shift from a closed body image in the nineteenth century to a more open and ambiguous sense of body image today (Featherstone, 2010). This ambiguity relates to another concept- the body schema, which is more related to the felt body. While body image is in simpler words the look one has for others, in which the visual appearance is essential, body schema goes deeper than this and involves the non-visual sense of the body. This draws attention to how our senses work together not just to help us perceive the world around us but also how we sense and interact with other bodies in everyday life situations. It goes beyond the mirror image, focusing mainly on body rheto ric which is central of charisma, a characteristic which most attracts peoples attention (ibid.). Despite this however, young females are increasingly becoming more concerned about their bodies and about how to achieve the ideal standards of beauty and bodily perfection. Armet (2008) states that this is leading to a body-image crisis in American adolescents, with increased numbers of young girls suffering from low self-esteem, obsessive exercising and disordered eating. Through the cultural emphasis put on judging women solely on how they look and how much they conform to standards of beauty and fashion, girls are becoming more self-critical of their own body. They try to dedicate all their energy to perfect their outside appearance. This is because for the young female her body is the primary expression of her individual identity (Armet, 2008, p.2) which she aims to improve by buying clothes and other things to further enhance her exterior surfaces. These issues form a discourse that stresses the importance of the body. The young female has learned to give priority to her bodys physical appearance since she has come to regard her body as her identity. This leads to implications in her adolescent behaviour where a quest for identity becomes a struggle with her body-image (ibid.). 2.6 Consumer Culture and Body Image As Featherstone (2010) posits, it is naturally understood that consumer culture is obsessed with the body. We are constantly being bombarded by media images of models, celebrities and other stars showing off their beautiful, perfect bodies. They are generally portrayed as happy and youthful, and enjoying luxurious surroundings. Critics have argued against this kind of narcissistic life, pointing out its superficiality and an abandonment of human values. This is because according to them the concern with body image is often dangerous as it creates a diversion from the importance of social justice and equality. Most of the images used in advertising, are technologically abused, to the extent that their level of beauty is often unattainable. These images do not simply represent what there is behind them but what one should aspire to be. These are the images that are making us compare who we are not and who we would like to be (Featherstone, (2010, p.197). These comparisons lead us to tr ansformation -presenting the before and after picture- which is today pivotal not just in consumer culture but is also one of the key tenets of Western modernity. Celebrities, media industries and sportspeople are replacing scientists, explorers and intellectuals proving the shift from the virtues of consistency and steadfastness to a charming and engaging appearance (Featherstone, 1982, 2007). The constant fascination with celebrity lifestyles made available through cable, satellite and the internet keep showing us how they maintain their good looks and bodily fitness while coping with their challenging lives. Even when they fall and have to deal with drugs, alcoholism or weight problems, they are seen as triumphant since fitness regimes, diets or gurus put them back on the road to self- improvement (Featherstone, 2010). This puts pressure on individuals especially females who thanks to the media imagery fall victims to feeling unhappy with their bodies, to start routines sometimes drastic, of self-improvement (Bordo, 2003). A new body image gives one a new improved self-image and a more exciting quality of life. Since even status and social acceptability has come to depend on looks it is indeed of no wonder that today taking extreme care for ones appearance becomes an obligation to self and portrays those who ignore this obligation as being flawed. As Featherstone (2010) remarks, clothing, cosmetics and adornment used to enhance ones look become not just a constructed appearance of what one wants others to see, but also reflexively they provide an outward image which seeks information in the returned glances of others, for the inner narrative of what one feels one should be (p. 198). This is mainly found in contemporary Western societies, where being a woman has often been referred to as a form of theatre (Sontag, 1978, as cited in Featherstone 2010)) where women are constantly watching themselves being looked at (Berger, 1973, as cited in Featherstone 2010). Nevertheless beauty has also become associated with moral goodness. The body, especially the face is seen as a reflection of the self, through which a persons inner character is manifested (Rivers, 1994; Twine, 2002, as cited in Featherstone, 2010). Kuhn (1990, as cited in Featherstone, 2010) explains however how cosmetics do not only make up the woman but also the image, capturing both the elegant appearance, but also the look which summons up the inner narrative (p. 198). This puts together a narrative, evidence of an embodied person. Charisma and stardom draws attention to presence, which is an additional aspect to body image. It is something which needs to be felt and works in a different way to beauty. It is an experience communicated between bodies which create affective resonances, and hence is trusted more than just an image. This is the affective body, which contrary to the body image, is a body without a specified image. Here we think about the feel good impression sensed via affect. The moving body presented on television, cinemas and video captures a body in process. Affect is communicated by non-verbals such as gestures, and facial and body movements. Here, the image has become a process where in contrast to the conventional sense of body image, is presented as an affective body which provides additional embodied information. Consumer culture is still, however, constantly asking consumers to scrutinize themselves for imperfections, and to measure up to ideal bodies presented in the media (Featherstone, 1982). This points towards the work of Giddens (1991) who wrote about a high degree of reflexivity in late modernity, since these actors are investing in body projects as a means to enhance their self-identity. This view was criticized for keeping with the mind-body dualism and for its overemphasis upon the rational choice of those who seek to control their bodies (Budgeon, 2003; Shilling and Mellor, 1996, as cited in Featherstone, 2010). But really and truly, is the choice rational, when we are constantly being bombarded by all these pressures to look good, almost convinced that this will lead us to a better life? The body has become to be seen as salient for a good life, the look good: feel good transformation which, thanks to consumer culture, is portrayed as available for purchase to one and all. It is common belief that body works will not just upgrade the body to reach societal constructs of beauty but are also pictured to open a full range of lifestyle opportunities. Body modifications have nowadays become the means to create a beautiful appearance and hence a beautiful self (Featherstone, 2010). 2.7 Cosmetic Surgery -a brief history According to Albin (2006) body modifications are defined as changes made to the body, either self-induced or by the hand of another, that result in permanent alterations visible to the unaided eye. These modifications, which include tattooing, piercing, and cosmetic surgery to name a few, all share a common motive that in the end the individuals find pleasure in bodily expression, decoration, and attractiveness that can ultimately be admired by others. Cosmetic surgery is certainly one of the most impressive techniques for body reconstruction. It is the kind of surgery where the surgeon cures the cosmetic defects and emotional pain resulting from lack of liking and acceptance of ones appearance (Blum, 2003). Cosmetic surgery falls under the umbrella of plastic surgery, however cosmetic surgery only deals with surgery that has to do with the aesthetic, referring to surgery done on a healthy body simply for the improvement of looks. Haiken (1997) reports two separate developments that account for the emergence of cosmetic surgery. The first development was when early cosmetic surgeons were considered charlatans or beauty doctors and were not taken seriously albeit certain techniques they developed are still in use today. The second development came with the First World War, when surgeons gained expertise while trying to treat disfiguring scars of soldiers for cosmetic purpose. From the late nineteenth century, cosmetic surgery was associated with actresses since their careers always depended on the longevity of their good looks and by 1923 it was set in the public imagination as a celebrity practice (Blum, 2003). Gradually, a technology that was primarily aimed at replacing malfunctioning parts has caused an ideology promoted by desires of transforming and correcting, challenging the very materiality of the body (Bordo, 2003). Sarwer et al.(2004, as cited in Swami et al, 2007) believe that a rise in media fascination, higher incomes and loss of stigma are but a few reasons why even the common people in postmodern times are opting for the surgical fix especially in countries like the Netherlands, where cosmetic surgery is offered free through publicly funded healthcare (Gimlin, 2007, as cited in Swami et al, 2007)). Studies show that rates of cosmetic surgery have risen significantly both in Western and non-Western countries during the past twenty years (AS APS Statistics, 2008; BAAPS Statistics, 2008; Jones, 2008, as cited in Gimlin, 2010). Recent studies show that young people between the ages of 16 and 35 are turning to cosmetic surgery more than ever. 2.8 Young females and cosmetic surgery Body-image scholars claim that it is much easier to succeed in the world if one is good-looking (Blum, 2003). Appearance culture imposes the thin hourglass shape as a female body ideal (Vilhjalmsson et al.,2012). Although many were the researchers who have indicated that this contemporary feminine ideal of thin attractiveness is unattainable for most women (Irving, 1990; Levine Smolak, 1998; Silverstein, Perdue, Peterson, Kelly, 1986; Wilcox Laird, 2000), it still triumphs despite its opposition. As Ferron (1997) claims body image lies at the heart of adolescence and hence young females enter the world longing for their looks to be approved by those a

Lysistrata Summary Essays -- essays research papers

Lysistrata has planned a meeting between all of the women of Greece to discuss the plan to end the Peloponnesian War. As Lysistrata waits for the women of Sparta, Thebes, and other areas to meet her she curses the weakness of women. Lysistrata plans to ask the women to refuse sex with their husbands until a treaty for peace has been signed. Lysistrata has also made plans with the older women of Athens (the Chorus of Old Women ) to seize the Akropolis later that day. The women from the various regions finally assemble and Lysistrata convinces them to swear an oath that they will withhold sex from their husbands until both sides sign a treaty of peace. As the women sacrifice a bottle of wine to the Gods in celebration of their oath, they hear the sounds of the older women taking the Akropolis, the fortress that houses the treasury of Athens. In Lysistrata there are two choruses?the Chorus of Old Men and the Chorus of Old Women. A Koryphaios leads both choruses. The Chorus of Men is first to appear on stage carrying wood and fire to the gates of the Akropolis. The Chorus of Men is an old and bedraggled bunch of men who have great difficulty with the wood and the great earthen pots of fire they carry. The men plan to smoke the women out of the Akropolis. The Chorus of Old Women also approaches the Akropolis, carrying jugs of water to put out the men's fires. The Chorus of Old Women is victorious in the contest between the choruses and triumphantly pours the jugs of water over th...

Essay on Venture Capital †Motivations For Corporate Venturing

1. Introduction Traditionally, the interest of companies in creating venture funds was influenced by the venture capital climate. Increased rates of corporate venturing activity recorded in the 1960s, 1980s, and 1990s were in correspondence with the flourishing venture capital investments (Narayanan et al., 2009). Despite the deterioration in private equity investment owing to the fall of the dot-com sector in early 21st century, corporate venturing is still considered to be an important business activity in large business organisations (Gailly et al., 2014). However, corporate venturing is marred with complexity including the disconcerting array of existing corporate venturing forms (Guerrero & Pena-Legazkue, 2013). As Garg (2013) argues, for many years, large business organisations have been cautious about the idea of corporate venturing. Some have witnessed a failure of their venture initiatives while others have given up so easily. Generally, the lifespan of corporate venturing initiative is aro und one year (Basu & Wadhwa, 2013). Even business organisations with a strong capital base have struggled to utilise knowledge that is gained from start-up initiatives (Basu et al., 2011). Certainly, it is not easy to run a corporate venture capital successfully. However, as the rate of discontents in research and development increase, corporate venturing is gaining respect and appreciation in the business world (Masulis & Nahata, 2009). To clearly position the reasons that motivate organisations to consider corporate venturing, it is imperative to analyse the concept of growth and development as a result of the effectiveness of research and development initiatives at the organisational level. 2. Venturing and Firm Innovativeness Ideas that are innovative can be produced via internal R&D or access externally through activities such as corporate venture capital initiative. Companies must not limit themselves to in-house R&D as a source of innovativeness. In spite of the high prevalence of internal R&D as a source of innovativeness in many business organisations from a historical perspective, a decision to limit an organisation to sourcing its innovativeness from internal R&D has its limitations (Srivastava & Agrawal, 2010; Guerrero & Pena-Legazkue, 2013). As research on economic-based industries suggests, monopolies lack efficiency which results in the costs associated with inefficiency being passed down to the final consumer (Narayanan et al., 2009; Napp&Minshall, 2011). This idea is also recognised in corporate entrepreneurship research. Specifically, Gaba and Bhattacharya (2012) argued that elevated R&D expenditure at the organisational level is an indicator of internal inefficiencies and elevated agency co sts rather than successful innovative initiatives or antagonistic risk-taking approaches. Therefore, it is necessary for corporations to eliminate the monopoly enjoyed by their R&D units. Economics positions the existence of competing players as a source of efficiency when compared to a monopoly state (Basu et al., 2011). At organisational level, structuring of corporate innovative initiatives can be realised through the development of several R&D centre or supporting various technological initiatives through approaches such as corporate venture capital. Furthermore, research has raised concerns over the possibility of collusion pitfalls in cases where the number of players is limited (Napp & Minshall, 2011; Basu & Wadhwa, 2013). This can be addressed by offering a significant geographical dispersion of R&D centres. Indeed, according to Gaba and Bhattacharya (2012), having numerous research sites that are geographically distributed enhances corporate innovativeness by providing assistance in disabling organisational inertia, offering variety, and ultimately speeding up th e development of new capabilities and technological advancement. The option of multiple technological activities that is founded on corporate venture capital initiatives is also common among various leading companies on a global scale in the recent past. A decision to introduce the concept of competition in processes that generate organisational innovativeness has been found to eliminate inefficiencies in organisational innovativeness activities (Maula et al., 2009). Agency theory emphasises on inefficiencies that emanate from contracting associations between a firms engaging another firm to undertake certain activity on its behalf, which entails a decision to delegate a significant decision-making authority to an agent (Srivastava & Agrawal, 2010). The consideration, in this case, is that both players in the contract are rational, self-interested, risk-averse, and opportunistic. Consequently, the opportunistic behaviour of the agent may not be in agreement with the best interests of the principal (Garg, 2013; Bruneel et al., 2013). The agent†™s opportunistic behaviour is manifested via adverse selection, moral hazards, and hold-up (Cumming & Johan, 2010). In addition, any form of misalignment that exists between the principal’s and the agent’s interests implies enduring loss by the principal (Maula et al., 2009; Souitaris & Zerbinati, 2014). A typical situation where an agency problem is applicable is the case of a relationship between business managers and owners (Cumming & Johan, 2010). However, this situation can easily be applied to the relationship between a firm’s R&D unit and its top management. In this case, the internal R&D unit is positioned as an agent of the firm’s top management that is involved in technical advancement. Therefore, selection process that is adverse may be a significant issue if the R&D unit initiates a project that extends beyond its expertise. The issue of moral hazards is common in cases where actions taken by an agent cannot be verified which is a common occurrence in complex research and development projects, where observable results rather than behaviours that cannot be verified is the solution (Narayanan et al., 2009). Hold-up challenges may emerge when internal projects that are not successful are not suspended from corporate funding even when the outcomes are useless in spite of significant corporate expenditure. Therefore, a decision to create a corporate venture capital initiative is a solution to some of the problems associated with agency challenges. Specifically, corporate venture capital plans provide internal R&D units with a significant challenge over their monopoly on generating organisational innovation. According to a research done by Basu et al. (2011), challenging the monopoly by internal R&D unit on innovation production has assisted several business firms to directly move into successful business initiatives that would have been assumed under normal internal R&D situation. As much as corporate venturing is considered to be dangerous due to the threat of opportunism (Garg, 2013), a decision to limit innovative activities to internal R&D unit is more problematic (Cumming et al., 2009). The challenges associated with monopolies are just part of the challenges. Without sufficient level of diversity, strategic renewal, which is considered a major entrepreneurship, can never be reali sed. Development of corporate venture initiatives is, therefore, significant in minimising moral hazards and adverse selection (Maula et al., 2009). Allocating an organisation’s funds to a corporate venture is a significant threat to the availability of funds that can be applied in internal R&D projects, which spurs competition based on the economic perspective analysed above. 3. Motives that Drive Corporate Venturing Research has established that a corporate venture capital fund is more flexible, can move faster, and is generally cheaper when compared the conventional research and development in assisting an organisation in the process of responding to changes in business models and technologies (Maula et al., 2009; Napp&Minshall, 2011). According to Garg (2013), such a fund can be used in the process of stimulating demand for a firm’s products. Furthermore, corporate venture capital is an investment that may earn a company a return that is attractive. It is, therefore, a tool that is used by a firm in capturing ideas that ultimately influence the future of an organisation. There are various benefits that come with venture capital including faster response, better analysis of business threats, easier disengagement, enhanced investment impacts, increased demand, and higher returns.3.1. Venturing and Business ResponseThrough offering an inside perspective of new technological areas as well as an approach that can lead to possible ownership and use of novel ideas, corporate venturing allows businesses to swiftly respond to changes in the market. In a study done by (Narayanan et al., 2009) about venturing initiatives, it was established that companies that were able to make successful financial investments experienced better success levels. Consequently, such development capabilities that are experienced under venture capital initiative take a longer period of time to be realised if done by a firm on its own and is generally more expensive (Souitaris & Zerbinati, 2014). Given the resources and time needed to modernise research facilities and recruit researchers with the right skills and expertise, expanding a firm’s internal research and development can be generally painstaking (Phan et al., 2009).3.2. Venture Capital in Threat ManagementVenture fund can be used by an organisation as an approach to gathering intelligence, which assists the firm in protecting its elf from emerging threats to its competitiveness in the market. For instance, Analog Devices, the silicon-chip specialist formulated a venture program in the 1980s focused at investing in a variety of competing technologies (Basu et al., 2011). The goal, in this case, was to collect strategic information at a lower cost. The process resulted in a discovery that it was difficult and expensive to make chips using non-silicon materials. This resulted in a hike in Analog’s market valuation. In this case, the decision to utilise corporate venturing program offered the company a source of insurance. In this case, if the alternatives that the company had opted to explore had been viable, it was covered from the risk of being faced out of the market by its competitors. Conventional approaches to research and development does not offer data that can be used in predicting sources of competitive forces. Specifically, most corporate research and development units focus on projects that a re narrow which can result in neglect of areas that can cause a significant disruption from external competitors. Accordingly Phan et al. (2009) argue that most business managers in firms with versatile internal R&D functions face challenges when it comes to determining whether their companies are blindsided with regard to new innovative developments that may threaten their competitiveness3.3. Venturing and Easier DetachmentAnother positive aspect of venturing that is related to the ability of a firm to speed up its response to threats and change is that it offers organisational management a faster approach to detach from investments that appear to be doomed to fail. In particular, many firms find it challenging to abandon innovations that are not very good but are developed internally (Rohrbeck et al., 2009). Such projects can remain in a firm’s product development for many years resisting termination. This can well be illustrated by Nokia’s continued focus on develo ping its mobile phones based on the Symbian operating system even when most of its competitors had opted to go into free fall, which negatively affected the competitiveness of Nokia in the market. The relationship that exists between firms and their venture funds which is arm’s-length is advantageous in this respect. In particular, as much as a firm may be reluctant to terminate an initiative that is unpromising, the presence of co-investors provides a platform for forcing the decision.3.4. Venture Capital and Increased Impacts of InvestmentVenture Capital provides business firms opportunities for combining their capital with other venture capitals, which results in the magnification of the effects of an investment to a firm. These benefits are particularly apparent in cases where technological uncertainty is significantly higher. The iFund, which was supported by Apple Company and introduced in the market by Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, a venerable VC firm, provides an illustration of this case. This investment enabled Apple to build applications for its new mobile phone products at the lowest cost possible. This was in contrast to the case of Nokia, which was a major market rival to Apple Company whose operating system, Symbian was unsuccessful and very costly. As a result of the success of the iFund, similar such initiatives have been positioned by many other companies including famous venture capital developments such as Facebook and Research in Motion.3.5. Venturing and Market DemandVenture firm provides a firm with several sources of leveraging. This can be illustrated by the iFund case. In particular, a decision by venture capitalists to promote the development of technologies that were reliant on the parent firm business platforms results in increased demand for the firm’s products. This approach was considered by Intel Capital in the late 1990s when it founded a capital that speeded the adoption of Intel’s next generation c hips in the market (Rohrbeck et al., 2009). This fund was invested in numerous hardware and software makers who were mostly Intel competitors and their products capitalised on the power presented by the new chip developed by Intel. These investments resulted in the accelerated adoption of Intel chip within a short period of time. Intel capital was also involved in seeding firms that were developing wireless internet products founded on a platform that had been championed by Intel. This resulted in rapid adoption of wireless products from Intel in the following years, which illustrated the success of the company in applying corporate venturing in creating a network of wireless actors.3.6. Venturing and ReturnsResearch has also established a financial benefit that is associated with venturing. Specifically, the main objective of any venture capital initiative is to generate revenue for the partners. With regard to corporate venture capital, the main goal is gaining a strategic advant age in the market, which ultimately culminates in increased profitability as much as the initial income generated as a result of the venture itself is insignificant with regard to the bottom line of corporate firms (Masulis & Nahata, 2009). Business organisations introduce value in start-ups that they find, which is commonly in the form of resources, skills, and reputation (Phan et al., 2009). This also changes the perception of the new entity’s prospects in the face of external investors. Public and private equity investors generally believe that start-ups that are founded on venture capital will be absorbed by the investors at an attractive valuation. Accordingly, Basu et al. (2011) established that business start-ups that are funded by corporations are more likely to attract more attention among high-quality players in the market when compared to ordinary start-ups. It also emerged that such start-ups that are backed by corporate venture funds have a better performance wit h regard to stock price when compared to those that are backed by traditional investment groups. 4. Conclusion The analysis of the corporate venture capital and its significance in the business world demonstrated a clear picture of its implication in growth, development, and competitiveness of business organisations in the wake of a globalised business environment. Specifically, it was apparent that corporate venture capital initiative could be applied by business organisations in increasing their innovativeness and the general firm efficiency and ultimately their competitiveness. Consequently, corporate venture capital initiatives demonstrate entrepreneurial aspects that are associated with significant effects on business corporations. Consequently, based on the deeper analysis of the strategic aspects of corporate venture capital investments, this paper has affirmed that it plays a strategic role in competitiveness and sustainability of corporate entities in the contemporary business settings hence an attractive initiative in most corporations. 5. References Basu, S., & Wadhwa, A. (2013). â€Å"External venturing and discontinuous strategic renewal: An options perspective.† Journal of Product Innovation Management, 30(5), pp. 956-975. Basu, S., Phelps, C., Kotha, S. 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(2014). â€Å"International analysis of venture capital programs of large corporations and financial institutions.† Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, Forthcoming. Garg, S. (2013). â€Å"Venture boards: Distinctive monitoring and implications for firm performance.† Academy of Management Review, 38(1), pp. 90-108. Guerrero, M., & Pena-Legazkue, I. (2013). â€Å"The effect of intrapreneurial experience on corporate venturing: Evidence from developed economies.† International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 9(3), pp. 397-416. Guerrero, M., & Pena-Legazkue, I. (2013). â€Å"The effect of intrapreneurial experience on corporate venturing: Evidence from developed economies.† International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 9(3), pp. 397-416. Masulis, R. W., &Nahata, R. (2009). â€Å"Financial contracting with strategic investors: Evidence from corporate venture capital backed IPOs.† Journal of Financial Intermediation, 18(4), pp. 599-631. Maula, M. V., Autio, E., & Murray, G. C. (2009). â€Å"Corporate venture capital and the balance of risks and rewards for portfolio companies.† Journal of Business Venturing, 24(3), pp. 274-286. Napp, J. J., &Minshall, T. (2011). â€Å"Corporate venture capital investments for enhancing innovation: challenges and solutions.† Research-Technology Management, 54(2), 27-36. Narayanan, V. K., Yang, Y., & Zahra, S. A. (2009). â€Å"Corporate venturing and value creation: A review and proposed framework.† Research Policy, 38(1), pp. 58-76. Phan, P. H., Wright, M., Ucbasaran, D., & Tan, W. L. (2009). â€Å"Corporate entrepreneurship: Current research and future directions.† Journal of business Venturing, 24(3), pp. 197-205. Rohrbeck, R., Dohler, M., & Arnold, H. (2009). â€Å"Creating growth with externalization of R&D results—the spin?along approach.† Global Business and Organizational Excellence, 28(4), pp. 44-51. Souitaris, V., & Zerbinati, S. 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